INTRODUCTION
The library has develop into “a spot entrusted with the acquisition, group, preservation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of data in no matter format it would seem” (Olanlokun and Salisu 1993, ix). West Africa Theological Seminary Library is on the crossroad. The normal library practices and trendy technological advances should be developed and embraced whether it is to be related on this info age. It’s a very excessive worth which should be paid in any other case the library will ultimately develop into just like the legendary character who slept for twenty years at Gasgill Mountain in Gulliver’s Travels and ultimately woke as much as discover the world utterly modified.
BRIEF HISTORY OF WEST AFRICA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
The historical past of the above seminary might be realistically traced to the historic visitation by two American missionaries (Rev. Dr. and Rev. Mrs. Gary Maxey) who led a bunch of Nigerian and expatriate Christians to Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria in April 1989. (The Maxeys had initially labored creditably in non secular schooling in Port Harcourt for seven years). The institution of the seminary in 1989 was a sensible demonstration of the necessity to actively take part within the coaching of pastors, evangelists, missionaries and lecturers not solely in Nigeria but additionally in different components of the continent and the west. Presently, the seminary is the most important non-denominational evangelical holiness seminary in Nigeria that has attracted college students from a broad spectrum of Nigerian Christian denominations, (and) ethnic teams. Throughout a lately accomplished semester, WATS has college students from thirty of Nigeria’s states, from over forty language teams, from (a number of) different African international locations, and from nicely over eighty totally different church teams (West Africa Theological Seminary Prospectus 2004, 5).
The identify of the seminary was modified from Wesley Worldwide Theological Seminary to West Africa Theological Seminary on 1 June 2001, the identical 12 months it relocated to 35/37 MM Worldwide Airport Highway, Lagos, Nigeria. The establishment is affiliated to the College of Nsukka, Nigeria and presently provides a number of packages of examine together with : Bachelor of Arts in Spiritual Research, Bachelor of Arts in Theology, Diploma in Theology, Certificates in Pc Research, Diploma in Pc Research, M.A. in Biblical Research, Grasp of Divinity, M.A. in Christian Management and M.A. in Intercultural Research. The seminary began publishing the West Africa Theological Seminary Journal in 2002.
One of many speedy plans of the seminary is to automate its library assortment. A vital facet is to establish software program that can be capable of meet the wants of the seminary. In deciding on software program, the seminary should suppose when it comes to networking and keep in mind that automation programmes usually require annual help charges.
WEST AFRICA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY LIBRARY
It’s a truism that “the library is the nerve heart of instructional establishments” (Olanlokun and Salisu 1993, vii) and West Africa Theological Seminary Library isn’t any exception. This library makes use of the second version of the Anglo American Cataloguing Guidelines (AACR2) and the 20 th version of Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC 20). The cardboard catalog is split, “a file of authors and titles saved in a single alphabetical order and a file of topic playing cards in alphabetical order” (Newhall 1970, 38) and the submitting system is letter by letter, a system by which “entries are filed with out contemplating the areas between phrases” (Nwosu 2000, 61). There’s a ebook catalog, which accommodates the tasks (undergraduate and graduate) submitted by college students of the seminary and a few members of workers who studied in different establishments.
In 2003 the library benefited from a subscription paid by Asbury Theological Seminary to make use of the ATLA (American Theological Library Affiliation) Database on CD Rom. It is a complete instrument designed to help non secular schooling and college analysis. The library serves college students, educational and administrative workers of the seminary and exterior customers (educational workers and college students from different theological establishments).
Different related info embrace:
OPENING HOURS:
A. Throughout time period: Mondays to Saturdays: 9:00 a.m. ? 10:30 p.m.
B. Vacation: Mondays to Fridays: 9:00 a.m. ? 9:00 p.m.
NO OF BOOKS: 36,500
NO OF journal titles: 98
NO. OF VIDEO AND AUDIO CASSETTES: 114
PHOTOCOPYING MACHINE: 1
THE BOOK CATALOG: Tasks (each card and ebook catalog)
NO. OF REFERENCE MATERIALS: 1,722
LIBRARY STAFF
With the exclusion of the presenter, WATS library is presently manned by seventeen members of workers, 9 of whom are pupil staff. These pupil staff principally work within the evenings, manning the safety and circulation desks (though no exterior borrowing is finished throughout this era). As well as, they clear they library.
CHALLENGES
1. Coaching and recruiting skilled librarians
9 out of the seventeen members of workers are pupil staff who use this chance to boost a good portion of their charges and, in some circumstances, some additional funds to keep up themselves as they pursue their theological research. The presenter is unaware of any who has expressed curiosity within the library career. Providers rendered can’t be classed as skilled. Sadly, solely two of the common members of workers have accomplished some type of library coaching on the senior supporting degree. The implication is that the library is critically in want {of professional} librarians in any other case it will proceed to run sub-standard providers. An irksome dimension is that generally, junior members of workers who’re within the majority “are allowed to do skilled duties within the absence of the best cadre who ought to do them” (Nwosu 2000, 103).
The cardboard catalog as an example will likely be used to display the impact the paucity or lack {of professional} librarians is having on the library assortment.
The commonest type of library catalog in West Africa is the cardboard catalog and “there may be want for (one) to know the design of the system to have the ability to use it successfully” (Nwosu 2000, 57). A problem for the library is to keep up a constant submitting rule. Though WATS library operates the system referred to as the “letter-by-letter” or “all-through” methodology, there are evidences of the opposite methodology, that’s the “word-by-word” or “nothing earlier than one thing”. The previous is the widespread strategy to alphabetization, the place B should at all times come earlier than C. Within the latter, the house between phrases is taken under consideration for the reason that focus is on every phrase. When it will get to the flip of the phrase within the alphabetic sequence, all its associates are thought of alongside.
Marrying the 2 strategies of submitting or alphabetization might value one the knowledge that’s wanted.
One other drawback is misapplication of the submitting guidelines. The American Library Affiliation Code (Rule 6) stipulates that “abbreviated phrases ought to be filed as in the event that they have been spelled out in full, with one exception, that’s, the abbreviation Mrs. St. is due to this fact filed as if it have been spelled Saint, and Mc… as Mac” (Harrison and Beenham 1985, 82). The above rule is sadly misapplied in WATS library. If the rule just isn’t considered, the phrase scan will likely be filed earlier than St. when it ought to be the opposite approach spherical. In the identical method, the Dr. (physician) can even be filed earlier than down and never the opposite approach spherical.
A 3rd concern in submitting (Rule 5) states that initials ought to be filed earlier than phrases. (Nevertheless, acronyms are handled as phrases, for instance UNICEF, UNESCO, ECOWAS and so on.) There are situations within the WATS catalog that this rule just isn’t considered. A phrase like Aaron erroneously comes earlier than A.G.M and A.L.A.
It’s horrifying that there isn’t a clear room for upward mobility of library workers. Within the absence of an expert scheme of service or promotion pointers, members of workers have labored in a single place since they obtained their appointment letters.
2. Computerizing the library
Some libraries in Nigeria have automated their providers. Examples embrace the Institute of Tropical Agriculture Library at Ibadan and the Federal Institute of Industrial Analysis Library, Oshodi, Lagos. Others, together with WATS Library, are on the verge of placing their automation plan into motion.
Automation can profit the Acquisition, Cataloging and Serial Departments within the following methods :
Acquisition : Automation may help in fund management in addition to in era and dissemination of studies. Listing of things, together with the accession listing can be printed.
3. Acquisition
Acquisition is usually outlined as “the method of acquiring books and different paperwork for a library, documentation heart or archive” (Prytherch 1986, 61). Incontrovertibly, it’s “one of the vital necessary capabilities of any library system” (Ali 1989, 66). Some technique of acquisition of library supplies embrace buy, donation, change, Authorized Deposit Laws and membership {of professional} organizations. In most libraries in West Africa, it’s noticed that
acquisition charges are grossly insufficient to help each educating and analysis even when judged by minimal requirements accepted in developed international locations. Makes an attempt to alleviate the scenario with numerous types of support although intrinsically meritorious supply little hope for long run enchancment (Allen 1993, 232).
Donated supplies extensively inventory West Africa Theological Seminary Library. Since beggars are usually not choosers, there’s a vital proportion of dated publications. There are a lot of studying supplies which aren’t even related to the overall curriculum of the seminary. Weeding ‘undesirable’ inventory is a giant drawback to the library since there are not any appropriate replacements.
An often-overlooked technique of acquisition is membership {of professional} associations. If the library continues to distance itself from the skilled register of library establishments, it won’t concentrate on present traits within the skilled which can negatively mirror on the sort and high quality of providers rendered.
4. Web connectivity
The WATS administration launched a letter on 2nd January 2005 saying a big discount (about 75%) of the web service supplied on campus. This was attributed to the discount within the bandwidth which made it unimaginable to help all the previous work stations. A technological blow was dealt on the library cyber café because it fell prey to this choice. College students have been suggested to make use of the cyber café on the bottom flooring. The seminary administration should help the library in its embryonic stage to judiciously embrace the brand new know-how. However, the theological librarians have a really essential position “to make sure that the ensuing use of computer systems and telecommunication and another acceptable know-how contributes in value efficient methods to the wants of scholarship and analysis since (they) have the experience in buying supplies in a wide range of codecs and make them accessible for a wide range of functions” (Simpson 1984, 38).
5. On-line assets
A web based useful resource that was used at West Africa Theological Seminary (and which is extremely advisable for different theological libraries in Africa) is the American Theological Library Affiliation (ATLA) Faith Index, helpful for accessing articles, evaluations, essays, dissertations and monographs. Using databases, which overlap topic fields, that’s, interdisciplinary database looking, is an typically over-looked facet of on-line looking.Customers of West Africa Theological Seminary Library would not have entry to an unbelievable quantity of on-line assets as a result of it’s not subscribing to make use of these supplies. An instance of an important on-line useful resource is the On-line Pc Library Centre (OCLC). This heart, a bibliographic utility based mostly in Dublin, Ohio is a worldwide digital info co-operative serving about 39,517 libraries in seventy-six international locations. It runs an On-line Union Catalog. There are roughly twenty eight million cataloguing information and the database (utilizing MARC tapes and different on-line enter information for customers) supplies reference providers and interlibrary mortgage, qualifying it most likely because the world’s most complete database of bibliographic info that produces the First Search System by way of which a library can subscribe to 1000’s of educational {and professional} titles from about seventy publishers out there electronically.
6. Practical photocopier
Though the library has a photocopier, the machine is steadily out of order. This second hand machine must be changed to allow the library to realistically profit from its providers. The seminary administration even took a call lately handy over photocopying providers to a pupil who’s presently working a greater enterprise.
7. Audio visible assortment
Audio visuals are non-paper based mostly info carriers. They’ve been launched into the library by way of advances in know-how. They’re known as audio-visuals as a result of they require auditory and visible appreciation. One in every of their chief benefits is storing a considerable amount of info in a small house. Audio visuals embrace audio tapes, microforms, filmstrips, charts, slides, video tapes, tv and so on. A few of these attraction solely to the sense of listening to (audios), some solely to the sight (visuals) and others to each the auditory and visible senses (audio visuals). Though WATS library has obtained fairly a couple of audio visible supplies, there may be must buy the mandatory supporting equipments to make the audio visible assortment a actuality.
The seminary has been receiving a number of analysis instruments within the type of CD ROMS for a substantial interval. The library is but to make these out there to customers by putting in them in a useful pc.
8. Bindery
It’s true that “as soon as any merchandise is chosen for the gathering, the library guarantees to protect it” (Goodrum and Dalrymple 1985, 65). The absence of a bindery assortment inside the library is adversely affecting the bodily situation of books. It should be borne in thoughts that since a good portion of library supplies are donated, many are obtained in a really poor bodily situation.
The bindery is also very instrumental in binding again problems with newspapers and journals to facilitate a comparatively simpler storage, retrieval and dissemination of data.
9. Consumer instruction
A serious weak spot of library follow is the failure to instruct customers in using the library to the perfect benefit. From expertise, “surveys have proven that public use of such instruments as catalogues are minimal, largely as a result of they’ve by no means been proven how they function” (Jackaman 1989, 3). Many college students in WATS undergo the seminary with no affordable grasp of primary library rules. Because of this the one hour orientation performed at first of each semester is inadequate.
10. Serial assortment
Numerous journals subscribed to by the library are chosen, ordered and obtained, processed and shelved by this assortment. It’s always checked to find out if there are any lacking points already due however haven’t been obtained with a purpose to make such claims. This part additionally shares newspaper. The relevance of such a useful assortment within the library can’t be overemphasized. It’s unlucky that WATS library just isn’t subscribing to journals and this explains why there are lots of distinct gaps in periodical literature. The library is on the mercy of donors who usually ship journals at random.
Newspapers are straight bought by the WATS administration and these are subsequently despatched to the library generally not on the day of buy. This defeats the aim of newspapers since they arrive late to the library. Offering current info should be the first concern for the library or info employee. Consequently, “foreign money ought to due to this fact be a requirement and never an choice” (Wilson 1993, 636).
11. Warmth within the library
The current warmth within the library is detrimental to the books since humidity is a risk to their survival. If not sprayed periodically, fungi simply develop inside the pages and harm the writing. Many researchers are unable to remain for a substantial interval merely due to the discomfort attributable to a highly regarded setting.
12. Web looking
When the library cyber café was functioning, consumer statistics of customers indicated that ninety % of those that used the Web did so to ship mails and chat with mates. The remaining ten % use it to conduct analysis and carry out different capabilities. The insignificant proportion that makes use of it for analysis functions closely depend on Google. A pupil and a library workers opined that they undertake the ‘google solely’ strategy as a result of they aren’t conscious of another cite.
It’s noticed that “most customers find (info) by way of subscription-free search engines like google equivalent to Google” (Harding 2004). This over-reliance is a severe limitation. The effectiveness of Google is assessed thus:
A current search on Google of ‘Historical Close to East’ resulted in over 150,000 outcomes. Whereas many of those are most likely wonderful websites, many extra are most likely not. The ETANA web site, apparently, doesn’t seem within the first 100 listings. Thus, the researcher who would profit from entry to ETANA however who doesn’t know of its existence will seemingly not stumble throughout it utilizing Google (Limpitlaw 2003, p.5).
It’s fairly unlucky that even lecturers are extremely proliferating reliance upon one web page (Google). The difficulty is that “if college researchers themselves are relying virtually solely upon Google, nonetheless, what number of of them are prone to encourage college students to broaden their searches past Google, to not less than discover the assets and supplies their libraries keep?” (Norlin 2004, 56). The library workers should be very instrumental in directing customers to many different related websites and free on-line libraries, as an example Africa Digital Library in South Africa. Persevering with schooling for the library workers should be inspired to allow them to be abreast of technological adjustments. It’s opined that “a profitable coaching program can also be depending on the dedication that high administration reveals for the coaching course of” (Martey 2002, 14). An incontrovertible actuality is that “librarians must know how you can entry and filter what is on the internet” (Rosenberg 1997, 15). Amongst a number of solutions to shake the evident frost off the African church in its theological mission, Tienou (1990) proffers the advance of theological libraries, and (by implication), the theological librarians who intersperse between the knowledge and the consumer. The coaching of library workers and data professionals could be very essential in dealing with the astronomically quick improvement that’s evident within the info age. It’s fairly unlucky that the theological librarians haven’t usually accompanied the introduction of Web service at West Africa Theological Seminary Library with a radical coaching on its use.
Indubitably, until … librarians obtain this workers coaching, there’s a hazard that the potential of this know-how for sourcing and repackaging for info switch will stay insufficiently exploited and that it’s going to not develop into built-in with extra conventional print-based library providers” (Asamoah 2003, 17).
13. Funding
It’s incontrovertible that “each good assortment is an expression of ample and sound monetary backing, and no assortment improvement can obtain this goal whether it is financially handicapped” (Alemna 1994, 47). Of their commentary on the problem within the discipline of librarianship, it’s noticed that “library funding will most likely be the difficulty which consumes the power of library managers to the top of this century (and the subsequent)” (Moore and Shander 1993, 19). WATS library should be realistically budgeted for whether it is to proceed to be the tutorial nerve heart of the seminary.
THE WAY FORWARD
Like Ato Yawson in Ama Ata Aidoo’s The Dilemma of a Ghost, the query is, shall WATS library go to Cape Coast (representing the standard) or Elmina (representing the fashionable’)? Within the discipline of librarianship, a sensible response lies “in preserving conventional providers and embracing the technological advances” (Harding 2002, 9).
The next are proffered for consideration to help WATS library to face the inescapable challenges:
1. Professionally educated workers
The library career is in crises. It’s noticed that “the necessity to discover and retain high quality management for libraries is a core concern for the longer term” (Hisle 2002, 211). Library workers at WATS should be professionally educated. Acquisition of related library {qualifications} can’t be overemphasized. Related coaching should embrace use of software program functions. The fashionable theological librarian is standing on a crossroad and should keep a really helpful steadiness between conventional and trendy analysis methods to be related on this info age. Substandard providers will proceed to be supplied if workers are employed simply because they’re Christians with little emphasis on skilled coaching. Theological librarians want the form of coaching performed by ACTEA (Accrediting Council for Theological Schooling in Africa) East Africa Library Workers Coaching Institute in Daystar College in Kenya in July 2004. Untrained librarians want programs in cataloguing and classification, administration of the library and answering reference questions. Moreover, they have to obtain coaching in looking the web, utilizing Boolean operators to seek the advice of full-text journals, accessing reference supplies on CD Roms, utilizing MARC, and compiling lists of necessary web sites and reference CDs.
Seminary, library, coaching, recruiting, librarians,
2. Scheme of service
So as to not make a continued mockery of the library career, it is suggested that the skilled pointers for the appointment and promotion of library workers in any respect ranges be drafted and applied. The seminary administration might examine the scheme of service of a number of establishments in Nigeria and the sub-region as a information to fairly keep the usual.
Positions which ought to be considered inside the numerous classes embrace:
a. Junior workers
i. Messenger/cleaner
ii. Library attendant III
iii. Library attendant II
iv. Library attendant I
v. Library assistant I
vi. Library assistant II
vii. Library assistant III
b. Senior supporting workers
i. Trainee Librarian/Senior Library Assistant II / Admin. Assistant II
ii. Senior Library Assistant I / Admin.
c. Senior workers
i. Library Officer
ii. Librarian II
iii. Librarian I
iv. Senior Librarian
v. Deputy Librarian
vi. Head Librarian
The factors for scoring senior library workers ought to be considered. A few of these areas embrace :
Tutorial {and professional} {qualifications}
Skilled/working expertise
Skilled actions
Analysis and publications
Administrative expertise
3. Revamping of web providers within the library
The library cyber café should be resurrected if the library is to be related on this technological age. The library workers ought to obtain coaching that can allow them to creditably deal with databases of their library.
4. Consumer instruction
The library ought to be extra proactive in consumer schooling methods. Extra present consciousness or selective dissemination of data ought to be achieved to draw college students and workers. A course on using the library might be launched as a obligatory topic for all classes of scholars. It’s evident even in West Africa Theological Seminary that “librarians can now not assume the identical degree of curiosity in and help for the library from a school that more and more depend on their very own search methods and talents in an digital world they will entry from their workplaces” (Norlin 2004, 56). Theological librarians have to be fastidiously attuned to the considerations of the scholars and college. If librarians at WATS discharge professionalism in figuring out the issue of the researcher, looking for particular items of data effectively and expeditiously and transmits the results of the search by any handy means to each college and pupil customers (phone, e mail, private name, quick letter to say a couple of), the curiosity within the library as info middleman would step by step be revamped.
The library of West Africa Theological Seminary ought to spend a number of weeks providing “college solely” and “college students solely” coaching periods on using American Theological Library Affiliation database (after paying the present subscription). An undeniable fact is that “until theological librarians consciously view the college (and college students) as the first goal for (their) actions, (they) would develop into irrelevant to…college students, college, directors and establishments” (Norlin 2004, 55).
5. The position of the seminary administration
Administration at WATS should acknowledge that the library just isn’t an elective additional and that the approaching doctoral programme within the seminary will solely develop into a actuality when the library attains a selected skilled customary. Seminary authorities should help its progress by growing current collections (as an example, subscribing to scholarly journals for the serials assortment) and by helping within the establishing of a vibrant Digital Library Assortment which ought to be manned by an expert librarian. Offering server upgrades and disk cupboard space should be critically thought of. There ought to be common in-service coaching to help library workers achieve related expertise in info know-how.
The difficulty of funding can’t be overemphasized. The WATS Library can solely be related on this info age if the seminary administration would acknowledge “the centrality of its educational nerve centre (the library) and make sure the sustainability of the library programmes and providers” (Harding 2002, 9). Introduction of consumer prices, extra fund elevating actions within the library (equivalent to ebook gross sales), enhance within the help from donor companies might yield a rise in revenue wanted to buy and keep essential tools.
When the library is sufficiently funded, it is going to be able to subscribe to related journal titles, buy customary theological texts, construct a vibrant audio visible assortment, present air-con services to regulate the warmth, change the photocopier and supply different essential providers as and when essential.
Professionally educated workers, scheme of service, revamping of web providers within the Computerize, cataloging, acquisition, web, consumer instruction, audio visible, serial, bindery, funding, scheme of service,
6. Membership {of professional} organizations
WATS library ought to enroll as an institutional member {of professional} library associations equivalent to Nigeria Theological Library Affiliation, Christian Librarians’ Affiliation for Africa, American Theological Library Affiliation and Christian Librarians’ Fellowship. (The presenter is a member of all however the former). It was by way of the American Theological Library Affiliation that the writer was knowledgeable that the twenty second version of the Dewey Decimal Library (DDC) classification has been printed. (WATS is utilizing the 20 th version). The DDC numbers embrace all headings newly mapped to the 200 Faith Schedule, in addition to others thought of to be of curiosity to theological libraries.
Under is an illustration:
Topic heading Name quantity
All Souls’ Day in artwork 704.9493943
Islamic modernism 297.09
Nymphs (Greek deities) in artwork 704.9489221
Open-air preaching 206.1, 251
Social capital (Sociology) ? Spiritual features 201.7
Venus (Roman deity ) in artwork 704.9489221
(Osmanski 2003, 2-1)
7. Computerization
CONCLUSION
It’s indubitable that the position of the library as info middleman would by no means change. Nevertheless, the means to satisfy this invaluable position retains altering and the library should adapt to keep up its relevance. WATS library is a unit of a self-supporting establishment with a number of challenges. Conventional library practices should be absolutely developed and the perfect of contemporary know-how should be embraced. This excessive worth should be paid because the library journeys to ‘Cape Coast’. The seminary librarians have a significant problem to maneuver from being mere keepers of the ebook to guides by way of a universe of data, thereby taking part in a useful position as info middleman (Kargbo 2002). For the reason that mission of the library to facilitate the free circulate of data endures even within the midst of technological adjustments, the librarians in all sorts of libraries, together with WATS, “should discover a very helpful steadiness between the standard/conventional library capabilities and the strategies of the brand new challenges with a purpose to keep their management position in (the) info age” (Harding 2002, 10). Librarians in West Africa Theological Seminary might solely be related on this age in the event that they gear as much as possess the mandatory expertise to allow customers to creditably use supplies for studying, examine and session in no matter format they may seem. This can’t be realized with out the invaluable help of the seminary administration. With this realization, “the scholars will likely be taught the artwork of digital info retrieval, which they will use to put in writing their venture work and thesis” (Asamoah 2003, 17).
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