The US is by far the biggest shopper of petroleum, averaging nearly 20 million barrels a day, or about 23% of the world’s general consumption. Though the U.S. is the third largest producer of petroleum, the nation is 57% depending on imported crude to maintain its world affect and the life of its residents. The supply and distribution of this very important commodity, alas, is altering quickly in an atmosphere that’s characterised by rising aggressive nations, extended conflicts, transnational threats, and world warming. Additionally it is believed that the world has reached its “Hubbert’s Peak” in oil reserves and manufacturing will decline quickly over the subsequent 100 years. Consequently, the U.S. will proceed to really feel the strains of oil atrophy and face a difficult future until it adjustments course.
U.S. leaders and students acknowledge the necessity to cut back the dependence upon international oil and have enacted laws to flee America’s future. Not too long ago, the President unveiled elements of his new complete power coverage, the cornerstones of that are: elevated home manufacturing; improved gasoline requirements for autos; and renewable energies. These are vital steps in the precise path. Nonetheless, the mere proven fact that oil is an over consumed, excessive demand, globalized commodity that impacts each citizen underscores the necessity for a extra complete strategy to power safety.
The Administration ought to broaden its coverage for power safety right into a broader framework and rebrand it Nationwide Power Safety Technique (NESS), with the Division of Power because the lead company. It ought to embody a 20-30 12 months roadmap for America’s protected transformation to a safer power future beneath six central themes: Have interaction, Safe, Preserve, Adapt, Shield, and Evolve (ESCAPE).
The next are temporary definitions:
Have interaction – Participating our companions in power commerce, assuring them of our commitments, and main the cooperative effort between suppliers and shoppers with a view to mitigate potential friction factors sooner or later.
Safe – Sustaining the safety and stability of our power sources, together with our oil suppliers, sea strains of communication, and significant infrastructure (each home and overseas).
Preserve – Selling self-discipline in power consumption by way of conservation efforts, incentives, and different instruments.
Adapt – Transitioning to a extra various and balanced mixture of power sources by sort and origin with a view to guarantee resiliency all through power shortages and different world crises.
Shield – Defending the atmosphere by way of lowered emissions, utilizing cleaner and fewer environmentally dangerous sources of power, and having fast response capabilities to deal with fuel-related disasters.
Evolve – Innovating new applied sciences, advocating new concepts, and reworking the infrastructure and life to create a safer and extra sustainable power system.
Power safety includes extra stakeholders than every other very important curiosity. The weather comprising power safety shouldn’t be fragmented into varied unsynchronized methods and plans. Moderately, they need to be synthesized into one complete technique so that everybody understands not solely their roles and tasks, but additionally the relationships and impacts of their actions to others. This text outlines the six proposed themes of the NESS and the associated points that warrant a single complete technique.
Have interaction
The nation’s leaders want to navigate away from our oil dependency through insurance policies and spending and it is a noble endeavor. Nevertheless, within the close to time period the U.S. should depend on imported oil – it’s an inescapable conclusion. Accordingly, The NESS should deal with how engagement actions will assist the gradual transition from imported oil. Engagement should contain diplomacy, management, and a touch of political agility with a view to mitigate future disputation between the suppliers and shoppers.
The worldwide political atmosphere is changing into extra advanced within the globalized world of oil commerce. By 2030 the world will eat roughly 118 Million barrels of oil per day, or roughly 30 Million further barrels every day above right this moment’s price. This has spawned a fast-paced diplomatic scramble by each developed and growing international locations to safe the remaining oil reserves due to the gradual development in the direction of extra considerable and safer renewable energies. China and India are aggressively pursuing offers with new companions in oil provide with a view to meet their nationwide strategic objectives for the subsequent a number of many years. This, coupled with Center Japanese Muslims’ “unfavorable” views of the U.S., raises the stakes in diplomacy. Power economist Pete Tertzakian coined the First Precept of Power Consumption, which observes {that a} nation’s wealth is instantly associated to its stage of power consumption. China, particularly, has aggressively engaged oil producers worldwide for the chance to safe a considerable circulation of oil. Not too long ago, China supplanted america in each Saudi Arabia and Iraq with bigger export agreements. China additionally just lately signed vital oil export agreements with the U.S.’s first and third largest exporters of oil (Canada and Venezuela). China’s current successes counsel one in every of two issues: (1) both america has been out-bargained, or (2) our engagement efforts want enchancment.
The Engagement theme of the NESS should focus diplomatic efforts on retaining our present sources of imported oil, whereas forging new relationships with growing international locations of nice potential. Engagement should embrace coordinated measures that will instantly counter efforts of China in states and areas the place the U.S. competes for very important pursuits. The Persian Gulf is one such area the place China has regularly expanded its management over oil exports by way of commerce agreements, infrastructure enhancements, and different beneficiant incentives. Along with beating out america in Iraq and Saudi Arabia, China can also be the second largest importer of Iranian oil, which supplies it a possible benefit in shaping Center Japanese politics.
Regardless of present necessity, america should finally turn into much less reliant on Persian Gulf oil. Participating African and Latin American international locations alongside the Atlantic Ocean might cut back our dependency on Center Japanese oil and significantly cut back danger by shortening sea strains of communication. The US attracts about 20% of its imported oil from the Persian Gulf and will offset a portion of this by way of new relationships. In 2007, as an example, Brazil found the Carioca-Sugar Loaf Oil discipline off of the coast of Rio de Janeiro and it’s believed to carry as much as forty billion barrels of sunshine crude. This discovery, together with a number of different fields within the area, might present as much as a number of million barrels of oil every day, or sufficient to simply change a portion or the entire U.S.’s Center Japanese exports.
The US must also lead within the institution of a world consortium of shopper nations to probably work out any potential commerce points or conflicts and to supply a counter pressure to the Group of the Petroleum Exporting Nations (OPEC).
Safe
“He who owns the oil will personal the world, for he’ll personal the seas via the heavy oils, the air via the extremely refined oils, and the land via the petrol and the illuminating oils. And along with these he’ll rule his fellow man in an financial sense, by purpose of the unbelievable wealth he’ll derive from oil – the great substance which is extra wanted and extra treasured right this moment than gold itself.” -Henri Berenger
Sustained entry to, and circulation of imported oil throughout this needed transition to a safer power combine should stay on the forefront of the Nationwide Power Safety Technique (NESS). Oil is intrinsically linked to the financial vitality of the U.S. and world demand has risen to such a stage that any delicate disruption in world provide will influence the economic system, all the way down to the person shopper.
All through the world, there are a number of essential areas the place provide interdiction might ignite a regional disaster with world implications. There are, as an example, oil transit chokepoints alongside sea strains of communications, together with: the Strait of Hormuz, the Strait of Malacca, the Suez Canal and Suez-Mediterranean Pipeline (SUMED), the Bab el-Mendab, the Turkish Straights, and the Panama Canal. By means of these eight slim passages circulation roughly 42.7 million barrels of oil every day enroute to shoppers, or about one half of the world’s every day consumption. Any disruption of this circulation (such because the 2008 hijacking of an oil supertanker by Somali pirates or the 2002 al Qaeda suicide boat assault on the Limbourg) might have profound results on the U.S. economic system.
There are different disconcerting warning indicators that the U.S. ought to heed. Of the highest ten U.S. oil exporters, for instance, eight are categorised as “in peril” of changing into failed states. These included: Iraq (essential), Nigeria, Colombia, Angola, Algeria, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, and Mexico (borderline). Terrorism, each at residence and overseas, can also be a continuing menace to the US oil commerce and might have resounding results on the economic system if centered towards the oil business. Previous assaults on oil infrastructure have proven the great results that terrorism can obtain. Al Qaeda’s 2005 assault on the Aramco facility in Saudi Arabia had an evidential influence on the worldwide markets. Terrorist leaders, equivalent to Osama bin Laden, have additionally referred to as upon Muslim extremists to focus assaults on oil infrastructure that serves western pursuits. As just lately as March 2010, Saudi Arabian safety forces arrested 113 al Qaeda militants that had been plotting to assault key oil services in Riyadh.
Piracy is a rising menace to the oil business, having garnered over “tens of billions” of {dollars} in ransom cash from hijackings alongside the Horn of Africa and elsewhere just like the Gulf of Guinea. Oil tankers are hijacked repeatedly for hundreds of thousands USD (roughly round 3 million USD per vessel), with cargoes that worth within the vary of 80 – 160 million {dollars}. The Sirius Star supertanker, as an example, was hijacked in 2008 and was carrying over two million barrels of crude (about 10% of U.S. every day consumption).
The U.S. Homeland, as effectively, shouldn’t be with out its share of vulnerabilities. The Gulf of Mexico and bordering states have the majority of the U.S.’s home oil manufacturing capabilities. There are oil platforms, refineries, and the majority of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) all nested on this area and susceptible to a full vary of assaults and sabotage. The current Deepwater Horizon oil spill incident within the Gulf, though categorised an accident, demonstrates how damaging a possible assault on infrastructure may very well be to U.S. pursuits. Furthermore, this unprecedented incident is demonstrating the necessity for the U.S. Authorities to incorporate multi-national companies in its strategic framework.
There are solely about 149 oil refineries within the US. To be able to feed the nation’s demand for gasoline, these refineries function between 92 to 97 p.c capability 12 months lengthy, leaving little room for error. The safety of those essential infrastructure and key sources (CIKR) is therefore one other facet of power safety that must be coordinated with the milestones set forth within the NESS.
The NESS ought to information and inform DoD, DOE, DHS, and others of their tasks to safe the sources of power which might be needed to soundly make the transition to various fuels over the subsequent 20 to 30 years. Since sources of US oil originate from varied unstable locations all through the world, the NESS ought to transcend conventional boundaries established by departments to supply a extra complete understanding of the goals, priorities, and milestones for attaining power safety by way of all parts of ESCAPE. Clearly, the safety of the ocean strains of communication, safety and capability constructing of our prime oil exporters and the safety of oil infrastructure and vessels require a world strategy.
Preserve
“Conservation is the quickest, most cost-effective, most sensible supply of power.” – President Jimmy Carter
Conservation is as very important to the NESS, as drug demand discount is to the Nationwide Drug Management Technique. Over 70% of all petroleum consumed by america is thru the transportation sector, of which just about 64% of that is by way of gentle autos (automobiles, gentle vehicles, and bikes). Because of this the majority of America’s power urge for food is derived from a mixture of many smaller transportation necessities, equivalent to privately owned autos, small enterprise automobiles and vehicles, and different inefficient modes of transportation. Power consumption in america is unequalled by different nations and far of it have to be mitigated by way of demand discount.
The first goal of the NESS beneath the Preserve theme ought to be a quantifiable discount in consumption by way of conservation efforts. The President made a number of bulletins on March thirty first 2010 that touched on the fringes of conservation, however didn’t strike on the coronary heart of the issue. Larger gasoline requirements for autos, various fuels, and home exploration and manufacturing don’t end result within the mobilization of the plenty to do extra in the direction of decreasing the rising dependence on imported oil. Even the proposed Dwelling Star Invoice makes use of an incentive-based strategy to power conservation, however leaves the consumption price to the person consumer. As written, these instruments invite a paradoxical response that results in probably greater demand and consumption. This has been referred to as the Jevons Paradox, Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate, or just the rebound impact. The Power Independence and Safety Act of 2007 was an vital step in the direction of complete power safety, however missed the chance to invoke conservation. The Act addresses greater gasoline economic system requirements, renewable fuels, car and equipment know-how, power mandates for buildings, analysis and growth, and several other different areas. Nevertheless, the one try to deal with the person shopper was the allotment of 5 million {dollars} yearly for the Division of Power to conduct a nationwide media marketing campaign.
To be able to correctly mitigate our oil habit, nationwide leaders should embark on a conservation marketing campaign with laws and incentives as key parts to the NESS that may information the discount of unbridled consumption hand in hand with the opposite milestones of ESCAPE.
The final time the U.S. leaders successfully impacted demand development of oil was between 1977 and 1985, partially because of laws and motion by President Jimmy Carter throughout his time period. By means of his “Disaster of Confidence” speech and several other acts such because the Gasoline Use Act, he was capable of each encourage and implement conservation for the betterment of the nation.
Implementing conservation by way of laws shouldn’t be a preferred job, however nonetheless a needed aspect of a holistic technique. The NESS ought to embrace milestones for the discount in using oil, accompanied with sure corresponding milestones on enhancements to mass transportation, infrastructure, the event of renewable energies, environmental restrictions, and incentives. The US Authorities must also contemplate the gradual enhance of a fuel tax that might not solely immediate the typical citizen to be extra selective in shopping for and utilizing personally owned autos, however might additional help in mitigating the nationwide deficit that resulted in 2008.
The US Environmental Safety Company (USEPA), in coordination with the Division of Power, Division of Transportation, and Inside Income Service, can be the suitable lead federal company for the preserve theme of the NESS. In coordination with the Senate Committee on Power and Pure Sources, the USEPA might oversee the strategic implementation of the conservation efforts.
Adapt
The world’s whole oil-producing and refining capability is presently working at over 97.5 p.c, which signifies that any disruption of oil provide on the planet will affect each shopper. In a current examine, researchers at Oxford College concluded that by 2015 the world will surpass its provide capability with demand, forcing nations that haven’t ready for this turning level to make robust selections on survive the unanticipated interval of transition to various fuels. Adapt is an important theme of the NESS. Adapt, in a strategic context, is the gradual and orderly diversification of our present power portfolio in keeping with the altering circumstances of world oil demand with a view to escape a future breaking level. The Adapt theme of the NESS ought to deal with not solely how the nation will diversify its power combine over time, but additionally how the US will search extra secure and handy sources of oil provide with a view to maintain resiliency throughout future crises across the globe.
Utilizing 2008 knowledge, oil accounts for 40 p.c of the power market in america. This excessive stage of dependency factors to the necessity to diversify our power combine to extra dependable, cleaner power. A number of international locations have achieved this seemingly tough job. Japan, as an example, has lowered its dependency on oil by roughly 30 p.c and continues to remodel its power combine primarily based on its New Nationwide Power Safety Technique of 2006. Denmark is one other trail-blazer. The oil disaster of 1973 was the catalyst of change for the Danish authorities, which properly instituted an power technique that yielded sufficient wind energy infrastructure to supply 20% of the nation’s electrical energy. Admirably, Denmark’s imaginative and prescient is to turn into 100% impartial of fossil fuels.
Adapting America’s present power combine requires some open occupied with a number of traditionally controversial power sources. Nuclear energy, for instance, is a divisive subject that causes each elected officers and their constituents to shrink back. But, nuclear energy already gives about 20 p.c of America’s electrical energy, and has prevented the emissions of hundreds of thousands brief tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide. France makes use of nuclear energy to provide eighty p.c of its power.
Home oil manufacturing is one other viable supply of power, however has suffered current setbacks as a result of Deepwater Horizon oil spill within the Gulf of Mexico. The Outer Continental Shelf surrounding america possesses almost 86 billion barrels of oil and a few 420 trillion cubic ft of pure fuel. This doesn’t counsel that the U.S. ought to utterly divert to those homeland sources, however ought to contemplate the chance tradeoff between home-produced versus Persian Gulf oil.
Liquid Pure Gasoline (LNG) is one other supply of power that has but to seize the broad curiosity of American industries. It’s the cleanest burning fossil gasoline and has the potential to exchange each coal and gas-burning energy crops and autos. Despairingly, LNG has not been broadly embraced within the U.S. and has resulted in low investments by non-public corporations. Consequently, solely seven of the forty LNG terminals which have been accredited for building within the U.S. will doubtless be constructed.
The number of future fuels have to be rigorously determined. A number of credible analysts imagine that corn ethanol is environmentally unsound, threatening to meals provides, and a facade as a result of quantity of fossil fuels finally used to domesticate, course of and transport it.
One other facet of adapting the nation’s power combine for the long run is to diversify our oil export companions in the direction of extra secure and safer long-term sources. Brazil, for instance, is a secure authorities that just lately found an enormous oil reserve believed to include wherever between two and seventy billion barrels of sunshine crude and is roughly one half the ocean distance to New Orleans than the Persian Gulf.
Shield
Defending the atmosphere ought to be a precedence throughout the NESS and is indissoluble from the opposite essential parts of the power technique. Greenhouse gases are inflicting local weather change at unprecedented ranges and have been steadily rising on account of human actions, primarily from burning fossil fuels. Emissions of assorted varieties have precipitated world warming developments, with the final seven of eight years registering because the warmest recorded years during the last century. Equally, the speed of warming within the final thirty years has been thrice higher than the entire earlier 100 years.
CO2 emissions are probably the most outstanding contributors to those undesirable developments and are instantly linked to using fossil fuels, primarily coal and oil. The US and China, by far, lead the world in CO2 emissions, delivering 20% every of the earth’s whole output. The US alone has failed to steer, given that it’s the prime emitter of CO2 (tied with China) and has the bottom fraction of the world’s inhabitants of the highest 5 international locations (5% in comparison with China’s 20%).
To be able to shield the atmosphere and forestall pointless acceleration of local weather change, america should progressively mitigate emissions and additional lead by instance for different international locations. This ought to be achieved, nevertheless, in a coordinated method that doesn’t low cost the present want to make use of oil and coal for financial restoration and sustaining world affect. Because of this the institution of emissions controls and different environmental safeguards have to be synchronized with the employment of sound various fuels, the development of latest applied sciences, the gradual retraction from imported oil, and the expansion of our economic system.
There are a number of examples of how well-intended emissions controls can result in surprising outcomes. Economically, for instance, the airline business might take the toughest hit from carbon taxes due to the CO2 ranges which might be emitted from jets. Because of this both the airways will probably be pressured to make additional cuts that may lead to much less enterprise, commerce, and commerce, or that the prices will probably be handed to prospects.
Environmentally, a current examine of Colorado’s wind power program concluded that wind energy paradoxically causes extra emissions due to the intermittent “biking” of coal crops that’s wanted to rebalance whole power within the grid. Nonetheless one other illustration is the place research reveal potential will increase in carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions associated to the large shift of the agriculture sector to rising bio-fuel crops. The purpose right here is that and not using a strategic understanding of how defending the atmosphere is interrelated and, therefore, balanced with the conservation, adaptation, and evolution of the U.S. power sector, the extra unintended penalties might end result with impartial, blanket environmental mandates.
However political beliefs, the just lately proposed American Energy Act is an indication that the nation’s management is cognizant of the interrelationships between defending the atmosphere and sustaining the economic system throughout this monumental transformation. Inside it, there are provisions for cleaner power growth, together with the incentives for using nuclear energy, new parameters for safer off-shore drilling, and smart necessities for the retrofitting of coal energy crops. Acknowledging that change requires time, it additionally mandates plans and techniques for clear transportation and air pollution discount, and additional makes an attempt to broaden the scope of environmental stewardship to the worldwide stage. It even specifies which departments and companies are liable for the varied actions, plans, methods, and experiences to Congress. In essence, the act has many attributes that would type part of the inspiration of the NESS.
One other important part of the Shield theme of the NESS have to be a plan to develop complete capabilities for rapidly and successfully responding to future energy-related incidents and disasters. The response effort to the current Deepwater Horizon oil spill, for instance, reveals wholesale inadequacies of each authorities and personal sector capabilities and response plans. It not solely factors to inadequate prepared sources equivalent to containment booms, specialised boats, and backup “dome” gadgets, however additional demonstrates how convoluted the coordination effort may be and not using a roadmap for planning and exercising these responses. The U.S. Authorities must also be ready to bolster non-public corporations with further response capabilities ought to they lack the flexibility to successfully reply to an incident in a well timed method.
If the U.S. follows a logical path in the direction of much less dependence on imported oil, then the present transformation of our power sector will contain extra offshore drilling and nuclear energy crops. Accordingly, it’s only applicable to advance the safety of our surroundings in a strategic sense.
Evolve
The ultimate theme of the excellent NESS is Evolve. To be able to keep away from reliving the Seventies oil crises within the subsequent 20-30 years, there have to be a deliberate highway map to renovate our infrastructure, transportation programs, dwelling communities, and human behaviors away from oil dependence. Solely efficient evolution in these areas will produce enduring outcomes.
The first goal of Evolve beneath the NESS ought to be the transformation of U.S. infrastructure, energy-consuming programs, and other people to be much less reliant on oil. There are quite a few parts of infrastructure that must be upgraded or changed with a view to foster power safety for the twenty first century. The 2009 American Restoration and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) signified a terrific start line by authorizing over 113 billion {dollars} in the direction of growing a wise grid, enhancing native, state, and federal infrastructure, enhancing the federal car fleet, updating public transportation programs, offering tax credit for residence homeowners and renewable power corporations, and funding varied incentives for analysis and growth. Such a considerable funding, nevertheless, ought to not directly be guided by a holistic pathway for the themes of ESCAPE and never relegated to these governments and companies which might be view this downside myopically. Spending and sequencing, consequently, should first be aimed on the most important power liabilities.
For instance, the substitute of coal fired energy crops with pure fuel crops would produce electrical energy with a 3rd much less power required, whereas emitting 45 p.c much less CO2. Liquid Pure Gasoline (LNG) additionally has the potential to offset power calls for from coal and oil with cleaner burning gasoline, however requires the event of further receiving terminals with a view to account for the present delta between provide and demand (15%) and the opportunity of future utility within the transportation sector and different industries. Nuclear energy crops, as talked about earlier, produce much more electrical energy with fewer emissions.
Public transportation enhancements ought to rank above main freeway tasks, particularly highway expansions that espouse much more apathetic use of non-public transport in areas the place public transportation programs are considerable. The U.S. is significantly outdone by different developed international locations in mass transit. London has the oldest system and strikes over 3.4 million individuals day by day. In Hong Kong, mass transit gives 90 p.c of all journey. Quite the opposite, 86 p.c of the U.S. workforce drives to work, averaging 51 minutes on the highway every day.
Past infrastructure and transportation programs, there are a number of eclectic issues associated to the social dimension that must be included into the technique. Research on future dwelling communities, for instance, might show to have resonant results on power consumption in america.
Two outstanding authors on power, Peter Tertzakian and Jeff Rubin, each write with putting similarity in regards to the evolution of dwelling situations sooner or later due to oil shortages. Tertzakian writes that sooner or later we would see the event of “Triple E Villages” that “mix ecology, power effectivity, and are electronically enabled.” In these villages meals will probably be produced regionally, photo voltaic and wind energy will present semi-autonomous power sources, and incomes will probably be earned by way of our on-line world. Jeff Rubin believes that necessity will drive us to smaller communes centered on meals sources equivalent to farms or multistory greenhouses (“Farmscrapers”), due to the lowered availability of imported meals and items. These concepts might appear to be slightly too radical to strategy from the political pulpit, however they nonetheless level to an space that should evolve over time if we’re to mitigate a number of the root causes of steadily rising power consumption.
FINAL THOUGHTS
There may be merely no silver bullet over the horizon and the world can’t maintain the projected ranges of oil consumption over the subsequent few many years. Throughout this era, the world will witness flashpoints over oil that will probably be characterised by elevated battle, terrorism, piracy, local weather change, petro-political coercion, and financial recession. In growing international locations, the gradual deprivation of this useful resource will probably be manifested by greater poverty charges, hunger, declining infrastructure and gross home product, and the potential collapse of governments.
World leaders should intervene now by setting the strategic course for lowered oil consumption and the U.S. ought to paved the way with a mannequin technique for power safety. This monumental job can’t be achieved, nevertheless, by only some brave elected officers. It requires a unity of effort amongst the federal government, non-public enterprise, and the American individuals. The nation won’t notice the imaginative and prescient of a safer atmosphere and a nation freed from oil dependence by way of band-aid options, equivalent to brief time period tax credit, extra inexperienced jobs, and hybrid automobiles. This may solely be achieved by bringing the presently diffuse efforts into concord with the implementation of a Nationwide Power Safety Technique (NESS).
The NESS can present the imaginative and prescient, framework, and pathway to a safer future and make sure that all stakeholders are guided by one complete effort. The NESS ought to deal with all strains of effort embodied in ESCAPE by setting goals and milestones that may rigorously mitigate the tensions and unintended penalties of range piped efforts.
The Division of Power ought to have the lead position in growing the technique and coordinating the efforts. In spite of everything, President Carter created the division in 1977 following the nationwide power disaster to supervise the Nationwide Power Plan. This will likely require a change of the division with a view to broaden its capability to do strategic planning and to steer the intergovernmental, interagency, and multinational coordination.
The way forward for this grand nation and its kids rests within the arms of the leaders and residents who’re making vital selections right this moment. It isn’t so vital to linger on the very fact this nation propelled itself to hegemony by way of the industrious use of oil. As a substitute, it’s now time to focus in the direction of reworking the American manner right into a safer, extra sustainable, and affluent society.
“We’re made smart not by the recollection of our previous, however by the accountability for our future.” – George Bernard Shaw
